stutthof concentration camp guards

1. This days condemned camp commandant Johann Pauls, five male kapos, and five female guards were the product of the first of four Stutthof trials held in 1946-1947. German Court Sentences Ex-Concentration Camp Secretary to Probation Irmgard Furchner, who was in her late teens when she worked in the Stutthof camp, was convicted as the authorities make a. Numbers []. I PROMISE. If convicted, he faces a possible six months to 10 years in prison. [19][28] It was also added that Spanner was arrested twice after the war but released after each time after explaining how he had conducted the maceration and injection process of his models and was declared "clean" by the denazification program in 1948, officially exonerated, and resumed his academic career. [19][20][21], Historian Joachim Neander argued that, contrary to some claims made in the previous years, what the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) calls the "chemical substance which was essentially soap"[22] was the byproduct of Spanner's bone maceration processes done to create anatomical models at the Danzig Anatomical Institute, where he worked and which was not part of the Stutthof camp. Kobyla kicked me, and I still bear the scars. Now 97, she has been found guilty of aiding and abetting the murders of more than 10,500 detainees. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. In November 1941, it became a "labor education" camp (like Dachau), administered by the German Security Police. The initiative for the foundation of SS companies dealing in building materials from concentration camps originated in 1937 with regional SS officials in Thuringia, especially the state's Interior Minister Hellmuth Gommlich []. Bruno Dey was convicted of complicity in mass murder there last year and given a suspended sentence, Millions of people suffered and died or were killed. In 1944, as forced labor by concentration camp prisoners became increasingly important in armaments production, a Focke-Wulf aircraft factory was constructed at Stutthof. Yolanda Saldvar, The Obsessed Fan Who Murdered Se, 5 Of The Most Infamous Cults in US History, History and Culture of the Blackfeet Nation, Did Pharaoh Akhenaten lay the foundation for Abrah. "Our group was marched out of Stutthof on 26 April. 99 . 1939: 250 Polish citizens and P.O.W. As the Nazis consolidated their power in the 1930s, many younger people like Barkmann became enthralled by the Fuhrer and joined the Hitler Youth and other equivalents. National Socialism was RIGHT and we will return and we will remember things like this, so lowlife like you had better beware. It was liberated by the British army on April 15th, 1945. Jenny-Wanda Barkmann was born in Hamburg in 1921. The former nurse took a four-week training course and was sent as an overseer to the Stutthof camp near Danzig.. Its unknown why she would voluntarily seek work at a concentration camp so late in the war, but it was likely due to some misplaced sense of nationalism. Find topics of interest and explore encyclopedia content related to those topics, Find articles, photos, maps, films, and more listed alphabetically, Recommended resources and topics if you have limited time to teach about the Holocaust, Explore the ID Cards to learn more about personal experiences during the Holocaust. The Stutthof concentration camp in Poland. She was known for whipping prisoners with her riding crop as she rode past and, according to some accounts, forcing them to have sex with her. Women were needed, especially to oversee womens camps like at Ravensbruck. [7], On 5 May 1945, a barge full of starving prisoners was towed into harbour at Klintholm Havn in Denmark where 351 of the 370 on board were saved. She called. [2] SS-Rottenfhrer Emil Strehlau was sentenced by the court in Torun (Wloclawek) on April 23, 1948, to death for war crimes. A total of 295 women guards worked as staff in the Stutthof complex of camps. In 2017, the prosecution of two former Stutthof camp guards from Borken and Wuppertal commenced. In November 1941, it became a "labor education" camp, administered by the German Security Police. A 95-year-old woman who worked for the commandant of a Nazi concentration camp has been charged in north Germany with aiding . It has been estimated that around half of the evacuated prisoners, over 25,000, died during the evacuation from Stutthof and its subcamps. When the final evacuation began, there were nearly 50,000 prisoners, the majority of them Jews, in the Stutthof camp system. [22] Spanner was unlikely to have "really occupied himself with the production of usable soap from human fat", and that any soap production in his laboratory was likely marginal. Selection of monographs in PDF, Memorial to the Victims of the Stutthof Concentration Camp, Monografia KL Stutthof (KL Stutthof monograph), Zbrodnie hitlerowskie w obozie koncentracyjnym Stutthof: liczba ofiar w wietle rde i bada: prba bilansu, SS Main Economic and Administrative Office, International Youth Meeting Center in Owicim/Auschwitz, Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stutthof_concentration_camp&oldid=1141333869, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018, Articles needing additional references from December 2020, All articles needing additional references, Articles with Polish-language sources (pl), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Matzkau in Makowy (now within city limits of Gdask), This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 14:55. [20][21], Lista osob Straconych w wiezieniach Polskich w latach 1944 1956 , IPN, 1990, Zaoga obozu Stutthof (Staff of Stutthof concentration camp), "Odpowiedzialno za zbrodnie popenione w Stutthofie. She was sentenced to death, alongside Bormann and Grese, after being found guilty of crimes against humanity. In mid-1950s, a number of Nazi concentration camp commandants were sentenced to jail for supervising the murder of Jewish prisoners in gas chambers between 19421944, including Otto Knott[pl], Otto Haupt[pl] and Bernard Ldtke[pl]. In July, Bruno Dey, a 93-year-old former SS guard at Stutthof was convicted of aiding in the murder of 5,230 people, most of them Jews. Like many of his fellow inmates, the man would be murdered and stripped of his skin - which would be used to make a lampshade in Kochs home. Inside the Third Reichs concentration camps were scores of evil guards capable of committing horrible and sadistic acts. Further in the background is the guard SS-Oberscharfhrer Johann Pauls and several Polish kapos. On one occasion, she selected 1,100 of 1,400 prisoners present to be sent to their deaths. The former secretary, who lives in a care home and is unnamed, had worked at the Stutthof camp near Danzig, in Nazi-occupied Poland. RIDING through the grounds of Buchenwald concentration camp in Germany, Ilse Koch spotted a tattooed prisoner and pointed him out to a nearby guard - sealing his gruesome fate. It was approximately 36 km east of the city of Gdansk, where the Visla river flows into the Baltic Sea. [17] Many died in typhus epidemics that swept the camp in the winter of 1942 and again in 1944; those whom the SS guards judged too weak or sick to work were gassed in the camp's small gas chamber. . The major subcamps were in Toru (Thorn) and in Elblg (Elbing). Dave, It was also the last camp liberated by the Allies, on 9 May 1945. Manfred Goldberg's younger brother Herman was murdered by the Nazis but Manfred was eventually reunited with his mother, who was also at Stutthof, and later his father too in the UK. In December of the same year, a 97-year-old former secretary of the Stutthof concentration camp in present-day Poland was given a two-year suspended prison sentence. During the Second World War, there were a huge network of concentration camps established by the Third Reich. "It was a practical impossibility that [Furchner] could make her way into the camp from her home without knowing what was going on there.". Quiz: How well do you know US presidents? He remembers searching for his mother, who had been in the women's camp at Stutthof, when he came across his friend Zigi. After being tracked down by Nazi hunter Simon Weisenthal, in 1973, she was retried and jailed for life by a Dusseldorf court. He was executed by long-drop hanging by Albert Pierrepoint in Hamelin Prison on October 8, 1946. Several thousand prisoners were directed towards the nearby Baltic coast and hundreds were forced into the sea and shot. Standing at 6ft 3in, Hertha Botte was an imposing figure, who also stood out from other SS guards because she wore civilian clothing instead of the hated uniform. Such marches became common, as the Nazis sought to erase evidence of their crimes, and many of the detainees were killed as the war neared its end. At Ravensbruck and Majdanek, Braunsteiner whipped women to death and was said to have thrown children by their hair onto trucks that took them to their deaths in gas chambers. Finally, in January 1942, Stutthof became a regular concentration camp. A former SS guard wept in the dock on the first day of his trial for complicity in mass murder at a Nazi concentration camp during the second world war . The land was very wet, almost at sea level. An Israeli witness who survived the Nazi death camp at Stutthof has described how SS guards staged sadistic "shows" to torture prisoners. Who is Buffalo Allina Clinic shooting suspect Gregory Ulrich and who are the victims? [2], The first Polish war crimes tribunal was convened at Gdask, Poland, from April 25, 1946 to May 31, 1946. The 92-year-old Israeli citizen traveled to Germany to give evidence in the trial of Bruno D., a former SS private accused of 5,230 counts of being an accessory to murder at Stutthof from 1944 to. Although young, he remembers becoming part of an indispensable group of 300 prisoners who spent a year repairing railway tracks at junctions blown up by Allied forces. When the Allies tried the perpetrators of the Holocaust after the end of the war, the public was surprised by the beastly behavior of female guards like Irma Grese and Elisabeth Volkenrath, who often committed worse acts than their male counterparts. If I ever meet up with you I WILL kill you. Rising to the rank of supervisor at 19, she also worked at Auschwitz and Belsen, where she was arrested by British forces in 1945. One survivor, Lila Givner, told her 1978 trial: Kobyla was tall. Now 92, he vividly remembers the five camps and sub-camps of Stutthof that he was sent to. The 92-year-old Israeli citizentraveled to Germany to give evidence in the trial of Bruno D., a former SS private accused of 5,230 counts of being an accessory to murderat Stutthof from 1944 to 1945. The death sentences were carried out on July 4, 1946 at the Biskupia Grka in Gdask, by short-drop hanging.[3]. It was during this time as a slave labourer that he met lifelong friend Zigi Shipper. It was turned into a concentration camp by its second commandant, SS-Hauptsturmfhrer Josef Kramer, and was used to house those prisoners who had become too weak to work as forced labour in German factories. BERLIN (AP) A 92-year-old former SS private will go on trial this fall in Germany on 5,230 counts of being an accessory to murder, accused of helping the Nazis' Stutthof concentration camp Thousands of SS guards were granted transfers from camps to field service, said Stefan Hrdler, yet Dey had remained at Stutthof until April 1945. The lamp disappeared after the SS leadership found out. Read more:Nazi guard testifies about Stutthof concentration camp, To view this video please enable JavaScript, and consider upgrading to a web browser that supports HTML5 video. from. It is estimated that around 65,000 people were murdered during the Holocaust in the Stutthof concentration camp, near the Polish city now called Gdansk. We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. [1] 4,000 prisoners, including Jewish women and children, were killed in a gas chamber before the evacuation of the camp. The sixth and the last Stutthof trial in Poland took place in 1953 also in Gdask. In another cruel punishment - known as making sport - she ordered prisoners to strip before making them perform strenuous exercise in full view of other prisoners, before being beaten. Do you know this baby? Koryski was taken from Lithuania to Stutthofin 1944, when he was 16 years old. She then ordered her dog, known as the big, bad, wolfhound to attack the sick girl, who was sitting on the ground, She later died from the bites. Most of the original detainees were local Poles and Jews when Stutthof was. "We were beaten constantly, the whole time, even while working," Koryski told the Hamburg District Court. SS-Sturmbannfhrer Max Pauly was put on trial by a British military court in Germany but not for the crimes committed at Stutthof; only as the commandant of the Neuengamme concentration camp in Hamburg. Procesy", "KARA MIERCI W GDASKU 19451987 Encyklopedia Gdaska". The second commandant SS-Sturmbannfhrer Paul-Werner Hoppe (August 1942 - January 1945) was apprehended in 1953 in West Germany and later sentenced to nine years imprisonment. A judicial officer looks at his watch prior to a trial against a 96-year-old former secretary for the SS commander of the Stutthof concentration camp at the court room in Itzehoe, Germany on . [37] On 23 July 2020, he was given a two-year suspended sentence by the court in Hamburg. The first trial was held from 25 April to 31 May 1946, against 30 ex-officials and prisoner-guards of the camp. [23] The corpses used for this were not made from "harvested" bodies, and the byproduct of Spanner's work at the Danzig institute was collected. Stutthof was the first Nazi concentration camp to be established on Polish soil, and the last to be dissolved, it grew from 4 to 120 hectares, from 250 prisoners to a maximum of 52,000 prisoners at one time, the SS staff and guards numbered 1,056 on 1 January 1945. It has been estimated that over 25,000 prisoners, one in two, died during the evacuation from Stutthof and its subcamps. It comprised eight barracks for the inmates and a "Kommandantur" for the SS guards, totaling 120,000 square metres (1,300,000sqft). They were cut off by advancing Soviet forces. Journey time by bus is about 80 minutes and costs 14.50z. "I was first in Stutthof in August '43 for close to a month and then two other [camps] before I returned at the end of 1944 for a second time," he told the BBC. The town of Sztutowo (Polish name for ' Stutthof') lies 55km east of Gdask and is easily accessed by both car and bus. It was surrounded by electrified barbed-wire fences. [11] In December 2018, the trial was suspended, since the convict had to be hospitalized for serious heart and kidney problems. Historydefined.net is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com, Copyright 2023 History Defined | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme. Even before the war began, the German Selbstschutz in Pomerania created lists of people to be arrested,[3] and the Nazi authorities were secretly reviewing suitable places to set up concentration camps in their area. Set up immediately upon Germanys September 1, 1939 invasion of Poland and not liberated until after official German capitulation in 1945, Stutthoff handled over 100,000 prisoners during its long service. About 5,000 prisoners from Stutthof subcamps were marched to the Baltic Sea coast, forced into the water, and machine gunned. [17] Between 63,000 and 65,000 people died in the camp. ", How nine women escaped from a Nazi death march, Historic ocean treaty agreed after decade of talks, China looks at reforms to deepen Xi's control, Inside the enclave surrounded by pro-Russia forces, 'The nurses wanted me to feel guilty about my abortion, From Afghan TV fame to a US factory floor. It is totally illegal, hanging has to be done in a certain way and this was certainly not. The first contingent of 2,500 Jewish prisoners arrived from Auschwitz in July 1944. [15], In 2021, Irmgard Furchner a German former concentration camp secretary and stenographer at Stutthof, where she worked for camp commandant Paul-Werner Hoppe,[16] was charged with 11,412 counts of accessory to murder and 18 additional counts of accessory to attempted murder,[17][18][19] On December 20, 2022 she was found guilty and sentenced to a suspended jail term of two years. Grese, who was passing on a bicycle, immediately got off, took off her leather belt and beat the woman with it. [citation needed] Until 1942, nearly all of the prisoners were Polish. TTY: 202.488.0406, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, Nazi Territorial Aggression: The Anschluss, Ministry of Propaganda and Public Enlightenment, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center. Nicknamed 'Beautiful Spectre', she was infamous for her brutal treatment of the prisoners. She was recorded to have been 6ft 3 and known as the "Sadist of Stutthof" due to her merciless beatings of female prisoners. View the list of all donors. SS-Aufseherin Elisabeth Becker - death by hanging 4. Get back into the undergrowth you crawled from, Dave. In 1949, SS-Hauptsturmfhrer Hans Jacobi, the commandant of Stutthof subcamps forming Baukommando Weichsel or OT Thorn (Organisation Todt Thorn) for women digging anti-tank ditches,[6] was tried before the criminal court in Toru and sentenced to three years in prison. 1570: Aonio Paleario, Italian religious reformer 1947: Ding Mocun, not as hot a lay in real life. The Stutthof concentration camp was the first to be established by the Nazi regime outside Germany's borders, and one of the last to be liberated. Your email address will not be published. Luxury Car Tours. Jenny-Wanda Barkmann was born on May 30, 1922, in Hamburg. The second trial was held from October 8, 1947, to October 31, 1947, before a Polish Special Criminal Court. Among these sites was the Stutthof camp. The infamous main entrance to Stutthof became known as the Death Gate, Irmgard Furchner was given a two-year suspended jail term for complicity in murder, Zigi Shipper and Manfred Goldberg came from different countries but were able to communicate in Yiddish, Nazi typist guilty of complicity in 10,500 murders, Harry: I always felt different to rest of family, Chris Rock jokes about Oscars slap in Netflix show, Everything Everywhere wins big ahead of Oscars, PM to end asylum claims from small boat arrivals, US-made cheese can be called 'gruyere' - court, Mbappe breaks PSG goal record in win over Nantes. In total, 23,566 Jews (including 21,817 women) were transferred to Stutthof from Auschwitz, and 25,053 (including 16,123 women) from camps in the Baltic states. [14], Stutthof's registered inmates included citizens of 28 countries, and besides Jews and Poles Germans, Czechs, Dutch, Belgians, French, Norwegians, Finns, Danes, Lithuanians, Latvians, Belarusians, Russians, Croats and others. Theres more about Stutthofs history at the Holocaust Research Project, and at the current memorial facilitys home page. Some 28,000 of those who died were Jews. On a huge hill in Gdansk, the condemned guards including Jenny-Wanda Barkmann were executed on a huge gallows and it was said that around 200,000 people witnessed the executions of the former concentration camp guards.Join us today as we look at, 'The JUSTIFIED Executions Of The Guards Of Stutthof Concentration Camp.' She also beat her on the face and head with her fists, and when the woman fell to the ground she trampled on her. In December, a 97-year-old former Nazi camp secretary was found guilty of being complicit in the murder of over 10,000 people at the Stutthof concentration camp that was located in occupied Poland. Follow me on Twitter: https://twitter.com/theuntoldpastFollow me on Instagram: www.instagram.com/theuntoldpastDisclaimer: All opinions and comment stated below in the Comments section do not represent the opinion of TheUntoldPast. A group of thirteen ex-officials of the Stutthof concentration camp were arraigned before a Soviet/Polish Special Criminal Court at Gdansk, from April 25, 1946 to May 31, 1946. Edited by G. ukomski, G. Kucharski. [7], Soviet forces liberated Stutthof on 9 May 1945, rescuing about 100 prisoners who had managed to hide.[7]. There were 3,000 guards at Stutthof concentration camp alone, and only 50 were convicted. (06.11.2018), The man is accused of being complicit in the deaths of 5,230 inmates during a period of almost a year working as a guard at the Stutthof concentration camp. Twenty-seven ex-officials and guards were arraigned and judged; 26 were found guilty, and one was acquitted. [5] It is estimated that between 63,000 and 65,000 prisoners of Stutthof concentration camp and its subcamps died as a result of murder, starvation, epidemics, extreme labour conditions, brutal and forced evacuations, and a lack of medical attention. $156.33. Apprehended after the war, she was sentenced and publicly hanged in Gdansk. This blog has been around for a while. Medycyna na usugach systemu eksterminacji ludnoci w Trzeciej Rzeszy i na terenach okupowanej Polski. The number of inmates increased considerably in 1944, with Jews forming a significant proportion of the newcomers. "The main entrance gate of Stutthof became known as the Death Gate because once you entered it was more or less a death sentence," Mr Goldberg remembers. Prisoners sent straight to gas chambers didn't receive anything. The camp is east of modern-day Gdansk and a short walk from the sea. She kicked the prisoners and literally walked over people. Thanks, Max the link is fixed in the entry now as well. The girl was later declared dead by camp doctors. Often low paid workers who took the roles to earn more cash, they were trained at the all-women Ravensbruck camp, in Northern Germany, where they became hardened to the cruel torture of inmates and learned to administer punishments with boots, truncheons, whips and riding crops. But as the war turned against the Germans, the camp was evacuated and thousands of prisoners were sent on a death march. Two weeks later, on September 15th 1939 . English: Execution of Stutthof concentration campoverseers at Biskupia Grka(from left to right): Jenny-Wanda Barkmann, Ewa Paradies, Elisabeth Becker, Wanda Klaffand Gerda Steinhoff, further the guard SS-OberscharfhrerJohann Pauls(the chief of the work detail "Waldkolonne") and Polish kapos Date 4 July 1946 Source Berlin CNN A 96-year-old man accused of being an SS guard at the Stutthof camp in Nazi-occupied Poland has been deemed "unfit to stand trial." The man, named only as "Harry S.," is. The Best Medical History Books Everyone Should Rea, The Lovers of Valdaro A Double Burial From Neolithic Italy. [2] The accused were arraigned before the court and all found guilty. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. Herta Bothe was a Nazi concentration camp guard at Ravensbrck-stutthof and Bergen-Belsen. Many prisoners worked in SS-owned businesses such as DAW (Deutsche Ausrstungswerke, literally the 'German Equipment Works'), the heavily guarded armaments factory located inside the camp next to prisoner barracks. At her 1945 trial, survivor Dora Silverberg testified that Juana knocked her teeth out when she reported that her friend was very sick and couldnt walk to the working site because she was so weak. On this date in 1946, officials of Soviet-occupied Poland publicly hanged eleven convicted war criminals of the Stutthof concentration camp. [33][34] He was charged as a juvenile, as he was under 21 at the time of the offense. Originally, Stutthof was a civilian internment camp under the Danzig police chief. Asia Shindelman said many prisoners had to walk hundreds of kilometres with little clothing for the cold weather. 2020 THE SUN, US, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED | TERMS OF USE | PRIVACY | YOUR AD CHOICES | SITEMAP, Isle Koch in an internment centre after her arrest, Women prisoners are put to work at Ravensbruck concentration camp, A roll call at Buchenwald camp, where Ilse Koch chose her victims, Ilse Koch at her trial in Germany in 1950, 'Tattooed human skin' found at the house of Ilse Koch after her arrest, Tattooed swatches are shown at the trial of Ilse Koch, Irma Grese beat women to death in the concentration camps, A boy walks down a road lined with dead prisoners from the Belsen camp, after its liberation in 1945, Elizabeth Volkenrath selected victims for the gas chamber, Hermine Braunstein was known as the "stomping mare", Hertha Bothe was known as the Sadist of Stutthof, Maria Mandl stripped and beat women "mercilessly", Female Nazi guards tortured and killed thousands, beat naked women to death & made lampshades from human skin, Prince Charles and Camilla BOTH receive their first dose of Covid vaccine, Moment pregnant newlywed, 18, and husband, 19, veer on wrong side of road in 89mph police chase before dying in crash.