By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecrations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. Son of Vijaya: his "long arms reached to his knees". Kalhana's account closes in the 22nd year of his reign. Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. In this article, we will learn about the great ruler, Razia sultan, and the monument, Alai Darwaza. ). Examples translated by humans: MyMemory, World's Largest Translation Memory. Discuss, Ram Mohan Roy was given the title of Raja by. After a couple of generations a Vijaya from another family took the throne (II.62). It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. Abul Fazl translated into Persian many outstanding Sanskrit works, such as, the. Neither in style nor in authenticity do these works approximate the quality of Kalhanas Rajatarangini. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. 10-year-old child of Nirjitavarman; placed on throne by the Tantrins. In this backdrop, the Malayalam translation called As history of Kashmir, it has its undoubted deficiencies in terms of conventional chronology and the complex tapestry of myth and legend that it has largely woven together as content, but then Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Daulat Khan Lodi, Rana Sangam Singh, Zahiruddin Mohammad, Turkish and more. Kalhaa's account also states that the city of Srinagar was founded by the Mauryan emperor, Ashoka, and that Buddhism reached the Kashmir valley during this period. Historian A. Q. Rafiqi states that some Persian chronicles of Kashmir describe Shah Mir as a descendant of the rulers of Swat. Prominent among them were Kota Bhat and Udyashri. Zain ul Abidin, a 15th century ruler of Kashmir, appointed scribes to translate the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian with the aim that these translations would give an insight into Hindu philosophy and culture to the rest of the world. Barring a successful invasion of Ladakh, Sikandar did not annex any new territory. Salhana was deposed and imprisoned. Verse 15. The Journal of Asian Studies Raja Ram Mohan Roy, a social and educational reformer, was an idealist who contributed immensely in eradicating social evils prevalent in the society during the 18th century.He was popularly known as "Father of Modern India". Next Sultan of Kashmir was Haji Khan, who succeeded his father Zain-ul-Abidin and took the title of Haidar Khan.[30]. Learn about the life of Vallabhacharya, a great saint and philosopher. Little is known about him except from what he tells us about himself in the opening verses of his book. The dynasty was established by Shah Mir in 1339 CE, there are two theories regarding Shah Mir's origin. Kalhana lived in a time of political turmoil in Kashmir, at that time a brilliant center of civilization in a sea of barbarism. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. Zianu-l Abidin of Kashmir deputed the famous Sanskrit scholar Jonaraja and Srivara for the completion of Rajatarangini to bring the history of Kashmir up-to-date. In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. It is by late Vidwan T.K. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecretations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. Sanskrit: This period produced greater works in Sanskrit rather than the previous periods. [12] Kashmiri scholar N. K. Zutshi, having critically examined the sources, reconciles the two versions by noting that the Persian chronicles mentions Swadgir rather than Swat, which he interprets as Swadgabar, meaning "suburbs of Gabar", which coincides with Jonaraja's description of Panchagahvara-Simani (on the borders of Panchagagvara). Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Traces of genuine history are also found, however, in references to the Mauryan emperors Ashoka and Jalauka; the Buddhist Kushan kings Hushka (Huviska), Jushka (Vajheska), and Kanishka (Kaniska); and Mihirakula, a Huna king. The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. Answer. The list of kings goes back to the 19th century BCE. Learn about a brief history of Adi Shankaracharya, one of the most revered teachers in India's spiritual history. is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. Kavya as a genre has had a prominent place in traditional Malayalam poetics, so the austere aesthetics of Kalhanas work will strike a chord with readers, particularly those with a yen for that stimulating mixture of Sanskrit and Malayalam of yore, termed Manipravala. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. It joins a long catalogue of such translations from Sanskrit beginning with that of Kautilyas After this battle, the regions of Ladakh and Baltistan which were under the rule of Kashgar came under the rule of Shah Miris.Sultan also marched towards Delhi and the army of Feroz Shah Tughlaq opposed him at the banks of River Satluj. [31] Arriving in Kashmir, Haidar installed as sultan the head of the Sayyid faction, Nazuk. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. orders. Rajatarangini 's first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Concerning past occasions. Each issue contains four to five feature articles on topics He was the ruler of Kashmir and the founder of the Shah Mir dynasty. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". A Persian translation of Rajatarangini was commissioned by Zain-ul-Abidin, who ruled Kashmir in the 15th century CE. He showed shockingly progressed specialised mastery for the time in his anxiety for offbeat sources. There are several discrepancies between the Ashoka mentioned in Kalhana's account and the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. He was a devout Shaivite, and his reign was marked by peace. According to the historical evidence, Lalitaditya Muktapida ruled during the 8th century. Died young. Who wrote Rajatarangini What does it tell us about? He was a great-grandson of a Viradeva, a Kutumbi (V.469). Sultan Shihabud-din did not have a large number of soldiers to battle against the Kashgar army. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. If you do not have an account please register and login to post comments. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. In Books V and VI the history of the dynasty continues to 1003, when the kingdom of Kashmir passed on to a new dynasty, the Lohara. The real power lay in the hands of a noble named Gargachandra. Translations. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. The only significance of his rule is that the Sufi saint Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani arrived at Kashmir in his reign. This article examines two translations of the textone Orientalist and the other nationalistwith the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. This seems to be official genealogy of the Sultanate. Abu l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state Son of Partha. Among original compositions in Persian, historical literature easily occupied the first place. And 40 years after his passing, the translation has now been brought into publication thanks to the zealous efforts of a few lovers of classical literature. Built a new city called Damodarasuda, and a dam called Guddasetu. Arthashastra , one of the first in the history of Malayalam literature. Verse 7. The Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini was translated into Persian. His book Tuti Namah (book of the parrot), written in the time of Muhammad Tughluq, was a Persian translation of Sanskrit stories. Complete Answer: In 1574 Akbar began a Maktab Khana or a place of interpretation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Rajatarangini (The River of Kings) is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajatarangini. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in the court of Harsha of Kashmir. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. She was pregnant at the time of her husband's death, and Krishna helped her ascend the throne. He also got the Mahabharata and Rajatarangini. [21] Even where the kings mentioned in the first three books are historically attested, Kalhana's account suffers from chronological errors. Published online by Cambridge University Press: Answer: [C] Jonaraja Notes: Sultan Sikandar established a department to translate Sanskrit works into Persia and vice versa in Kashmir. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. [4] It is known, however, that Mihirakula was the son of Toramana. Although inaccurate in its chronology, the book still provides an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and has been widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. Users can access their older comments by logging into their accounts on Vuukle. Pratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6). Later, in the time of Firuz, Sanskrit books on medicine and music were translated into Persian. Its heyday was the 13th and 14th centuries, broadly the period straddling the phase of Sanskrit literature to which According to Kalhana, this king "did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers" (Stein's translation). Unacademy is Indias largest online learning platform. (With his account of the Karkota dynasty, relatively recent at the time he wrote his chronicles, Kalhana's information becomes more consistent with other sources.). Verse 13. [19][21] Scholars caution against accepting the allegations at face value and attributing them solely to religious bigotry. After an Abhimanyu, we come to the main Gonandiya dynasty, founded by Gonanda III. Rajatarangini can be a metric splendid and verifiable account of the north-western Indian subcontinent, mainly the lords of Kashmir. , , are the top translations of "puhdas" into Persian. Rajatarangini was composed by Kalhana, scion of a noble family of Kashmir. Request Permissions. Book III starts with an account of the reign of Meghavahana of the restored line of Gonanda and refers to the brief reign of Matrigupta, a supposed contemporary of Vikramaditya Harsha of Malwa. The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. The broad valley of Kashmir, also spelled Cashmere[2] is almost completely surrounded by the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal range. This article examines two translations of the textone "Orientalist" and the other "nationalist"with the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. [22] His policies, like with the previous Hindu rulers, were likely meant to gain access to the immense wealth controlled by Brahminical institutions;[23][22][24] further, Jonaraja's polemics stemmed, atleast in part, from his aversion to the slow disintegration of caste society under Islamic influence. The kings of Kashmir described in the Rjatarangi can be roughly grouped into dynasties as in the table below. For example, Kalhana has highly exaggerated the military conquests of Lalitaditya Muktapida.[18][19]. The courtyard of the Jama Masjid, Srinagar. [citation needed]. Was this answer helpful? Here maybe Kutumbi = kunabi (as in kurmis of UP and. Postmodernism refers to mid to late 20th century. Made in Kasmir, Rajputana, and Central India, Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Invoking the Past: The Uses of History in South Asia, The King of Controversy: History and Nation-Making in Late Colonial India, The Frail Hero and Virile History: Gender and the Politics of Culture in Colonial Bengal, Vernacular Histories in Late Nineteenth-Century Banaras: Folklore, Puranas and the New Antiquarianism, Indian Economic and Social History Review, Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 17001960, The Making of an Indian Nationalist Archive: Lakshmibai, Jhansi, and 1857, Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament: Perspectives on South Asia, Kings of Kashmira: Being a Translation of the Sanskrita Work Rajatarangini of Kahlana Pandita, Kings of Kashmira: A Translation of the Sanskrita Work of Jonaraja, Shrivara and of Prajyabhatta and Shuka, History of KashmiraA Contribution Towards Ancient Indian History, Politics and Society during the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib, Translation and the Colonial Imaginary: Ibn Khaldun Orientalist, The BJP's Intellectual Agenda: Textbooks and Imagined History, A Critical Study of Indo-Persian Literature: During Sayyid and Lodi Period, 14141526, Hindu Polity: A Constitutional History of India in Hindu Times, Bangalore Printing and Publishing Company, The Unhappy Consciousness: Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay and the Formation of Nationalist Discourse in India, Pretexts and Paratexts: The Art of the Peripheral, The Question of History in Precolonial India, Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism, and the Colonial Context, The Hindi Public Sphere, 19201940: Language and Literature in the Age of Nationalism, Rajatarangini: The Saga of the Kings of Kasmir, The Scope of Happiness: A Personal Memoir, Aurel Stein in Kashmir: The Sanskritist of Mohand Marg, Invisible Women, Visible Histories: Gender, Society, and Polity in North India, Seventh to Twelfth Century AD, Textures of Time: Writing History in South India, 16001800, Defining the Household: Some Aspects of Prescription and Practice in Early India, Turbulent Waves: Construction of Gender Relations in the, Negotiating India's Past: Essays in Memory of Partha Sarathi Gupta, History as Conceived by the Ancient Hindu and Other Nations, Ancient Indian Historiography: Sources and Interpretations, Medieval Kashmir and the Science of History, South Asia Institute, University of Texas, Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kasmir, Imperial Encounters: Religion and Modernity in India and Britain, Studies of the Kashmir Council of Research. What 3 things do you do when you recognize an emergency situation? Established the city of. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. He lies buried in the Gorstan e Shahi in Srinagar. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE). Verse 11. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. In 1540, the Sultanate was briefly interrupted when Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat, a Chagatai Turco-Mongol military general attacked and occupied Kashmir. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonarajas Subsequent English translations of Kalhana's Rajatarangini include: Several books containing legendary stories from Rajatarangini have been compiled by various authors. Translation of " " into Persian . Answer: It is court chronicle that deals with the history of rulers of Kashmir. The polar ends of the subcontinent that these two regions represent have been lyrically evoked in the familiar poetic description of himavatsethuparyanthaam. The author Kalhana was a son of a minister of Harsha of this family. He erected a monument at. Son of Aksha. Son of Lalitapida and Jayadevi, made the king by his maternal uncle Utpalaka. Turn on. From Stein's translation:[3]. The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations.
Jeremy Vine Channel 5 Contact,
Obsession Baudelaire Analysis,
Sweden Size Compared To Us,
Articles R