And they dont provide any statistical test to see whether the difference is statistically significant, Morris said. The video was viewed over 750,000 times and shared widely on social media. Gundry, Steven R. Abstract 10712: Mrna COVID Vaccines Dramatically Increase Endothelial Inflammatory Markers and ACS Risk as Measured by the PULS Cardiac Test: a Warning. Circulation. You can watch the video below. Email sent to FactCheck.org. The CDC and FDA say Covid-19 vaccines are safe and effective for all populations they're recommended for. Campbell, who began uploading videos to his channel twelve years ago, wanted to harness the power of YouTube to make quality nursing education accessible. Dr. John Campbell publishes YouTube videos to educate the public on the Coronavirus. Its not the first time that this study was used to suggest that the COVID-19 vaccines are unsafe; Health Feedback previously reported on the misleading coverage of the study, then a preprint, in an earlier review. . Circulation. The rate of serious adverse events for COVID-19 vaccines that Campbell cited originates from a study published in September 2022 in the scientific journal Vaccine[1]. Does the Delta Variant Mean We Need Another Vaccine? 24 Jan 2020. David Spiegelhalter, chair of the Winton Centre for Risk and Evidence Communication at Cambridge University, told Full Fact that the study considered only COVID-19 hospitalization as the basis for measuring benefit from vaccination, and that this was only for two months and at a time when COVID-19 cases were relatively low. Speakers He also comes out in support of Ireland making its own vaccines. Finally, it later emerged that the vaccine was associated with a slight increase in Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS), an autoimmune disorder affecting the nerves. He also comes out in support of Ireland making its own vaccines. / Twitter john campbell @Johnincarlisle Brain injury youtu.be/NZhzWzoPB3M via @YouTube The misinformation was embraced by American comedian Jimmy Dore and achieved wide circulation on social media, marking the third time Dore had used a Campbell video to spread COVID-19 misinformation. Second, nearly all vaccine harms occur right after vaccination. Abstract 10712: Mrna COVID Vaccines Dramatically Increase Endothelial Inflammatory Markers and ACS Risk as Measured by the PULS Cardiac Test: a Warning. Updated 3 Jan 2019. Harrington, Douglas S. Chairman of Predictive Health Diagnostics Company and Laboratory Director of Morningstar Laboratories. The score are categorized into risk categories: normal, borderline or elevated. He says hes seen very many cases intravenously and not intramuscular. Last summer, the Center for Countering Digital Hate found that Instagram acted on only 10% of the posts researchers had flagged as containing coronavirus misinformation. I must have worked with about 20 or 30 cardiologists over my career, and I cant remember any having a grocery facility, he says 20 minutes into the video. Outcomes of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients Recently Recovered From Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiology. AHA Challenges Diet Doctors Study Alleging COVID Vax Risks. Medscape. But opponents of the vaccine have used the video as confirmation that the mRNA vaccines are going to, a massive unimaginable amount of extra heart attacks., , a pathologist, is the chairman of Predictive Health Diagnostic Company, which, Gundrys controversial abstract summarizes the results of a test that claims to be able to predict a patients five-year risk of suffering an Acute Coronary Syndrome, or what. Some research also suggests that the disease raises the risk of a heart attack and other related cardiovascular events. [11] Until then, his videos had been receiving an average of several thousand views each, but his channel began to receive significant traffic after it started running COVID-related videos. WebAt the rate we are getting new vaccines tested, approved and administered this virus will probably be still killing people in ten years time. In short, Dr Campbell may sound as though he is comparing the risk of the Covid vaccine to the risk of Covid itself, but his analysis: includes serious adverse events that the vaccine may not have caused excludes many Covid hospitalisations that may have been more serious than those events But there is evidence that the abstract is flawed and being misrepresented by others to claim that vaccines cause heart attacks. The video received more than 830,000 views, and was shared more than 6,000 times on Facebook, according to social media analytics tool CrowdTangle. . if( navigator.sendBeacon ) { The abstract says measurements for three of the nine biomarkers IL-16, sFas and HGF increased. In a 2012 article for the Milbank Quarterly, bioethics expert Jason Schwartz reported that the decision by the ACIP to cease recommending Rotashield in the U.S. ultimately discouraged other countries, including developing nations that faced a greater risk from rotavirus than the U.S., from using the vaccine[5]. The numbers in the abstract, he added, are impossible to understand. 10 Feb 2021. 03/03/23 10:09 PM EST, Video & Audio COVID-19 cardiac injury: Implications for long-term surveillance and outcomes in survivors, Heart inflammation, COVID-19 and the rare side effects of the vaccine, Outcomes of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients Recently Recovered From Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), Expression of Concern: Abstract 10712: Mrna COVID Vaccines Dramatically, Increase Endothelial Inflammatory Markers and ACS Risk as Measured by the. xhr.open('POST', 'https://www.google-analytics.com/collect', true); A study published in the Lancet, for example, which included nearly 90,000 COVID-19 patients in Sweden and compared them with similar patients who did not have the disease, found that having COVID-19 was associated with more than triple the risk of having a first-time heart attack in the first two weeks after falling ill. This review will summarize some of the important flaws in the study. Hes not so sure. Statistical analyses are used by scientists to evaluate the likelihood that a particular result is due to chance or not. } else { In 2017, his diet was labelled as the latest pseudoscience diet fad and the next gluten.He did not reply to our request for comment. 8 Dec 2021. . And does inflation hit the poorest harder? An article published in the journal Emerging Infectious Diseases also highlighted the fact that the withdrawal involved weighing up both the risks and the benefits: Had H1N1 influenza been transmitted at that time, the small apparent risk of GBS from immunization would have been eclipsed by the obvious immediate benefit of vaccine-induced protection against swine flu. In America, it's almost unfashionable to express concern about COVID-19 but one doctor in the UK collected some data that proves we shouldn't be too complacent just yet. If this virus is allowed to reproduce the chance of variants increases," pediatrician Dr. John Zaso told News 12's Doug Geed. Lectins: Are These Food-Based Proteins Friend or Foe? The true benefit of vaccines extend far beyond this period, so the harm/benefit comparison used in this study seems entirely inappropriatethe trials were not designed to estimate the reduction in severe Covid, he said. But, he said, I can seemingly talk about it in longform video like this because it doesnt seem to get censored., Another chiropractor and anti-vaccine advocate, Dr. Stanton Hom, has more than doubledhis Instagram following since Facebooks supposed crackdown. Vaccine trial whistle blower. Measurements of these biomarkers above the norm create a higher PULS score, and measurements below the norm lowers create a lower score. So that is a pity.it's largely been the Southern states that have been lower in numbers. 7 3. According to a press release, as of June, the company had sold 120,000 tests since its launching in 2018. Haigh, Joshua. Expert groups continue to recommend use of the drug during pregnancy when necessary and in consultation with a doctor. The authors of the abstract refuted such misrepresentations of their paper, with one writing on Twitter, "People like John Campbell are calling this a 'great thought out study' when in reality it's an abstract with preliminary data. Updated 12 Nov 2021, accessed 10 Dec 2021. 17 Aug 2018. It will also show why the comparison made by Campbell between the COVID-19 vaccines and historical vaccines is misleading, as it presents a one-sided view of the reasons behind the withdrawal of the swine flu vaccine and Rotashield vaccine. A story about three elderly people who experienced a heart attack after getting the flu vaccine also emerged, further compounding the belief that there was something wrong with the vaccine. Heart-inflammation risk from Pfizer COVID vaccine is very low. Nature. A review in Emergency Nurse magazine said that the latter textbook contained "excellent [and] inexpensive notes on the causes, pathophysiological changes, and clinical features seen in disease processes". Morris says its not clear whether the numbers are means, standard deviations, standard errors or a range of values. Hes not so sure. , The Plant Paradox by Steven Gundry MD A Commentary. Puntmann, Valentina O., et al. Dr. John Campbell, known for his clarity when breaking down the finer points of this pandemic, shared 5 points everyone should read to stay safe. Without knowledge of what subset were sampled/not sampled and their demographics, and what procedure was used to select these samples for processing, we cannot rule out the results driven by selection bias.. [22], In December 2022 Campbell posted a video in which he made selective use of statistics to make the misleading claim that COVID-19 vaccines were so harmful that they should be withdrawn. He says hes seen very many cases intravenously and not intramuscular. In the past month, Instagram has removed some of the most influential anti-vaccine accounts from itsplatform. A: There is currently no strong evidence that acetaminophen use during pregnancy causes autism or ADHD in children. day, 2022 Galvanized Media. The foundation hasno controlover FactCheck.orgs editorial decisions, and the views expressed in our articles do not necessarily reflect the views of the foundation. And of course, this is partly why the Delta variant is doubling in percentage every two weeks in the United States. Dr. Campbell is strongly of the opinion that aspiration should be used, that the vaccines are currently being administered wrongly, and that an urgent change to the procedure is needed. That is what's going to happen because we know it's twice as transmissible as the original variantabout 60% more infectious than the alpha UK variant. On February 8, Facebook promised to expand its efforts to remove false claims on Facebook and Instagram about COVID-19 and vaccines" as part of a broader effort to shepherd users toward more reliable information about the pandemic and how and where to get vaccinated. Mitrani, Raul D., et al. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): The risk of intussusception increased 20 to 30 times over the expected risk for children of this age group within 2 weeks following the first dose of RotaShield vaccine. In a recent op-ed, the companys head of health claimed more than 2 million pieces of widely debunked content about COVID-19 and vaccines have already been removed. The Delta variant is doubling every two weeks, replacing the B 1.1.7 Alpha UK variant. Jurinske, Casey. criticized in the past for using an abstract for a poster presentation as if it contained peer-reviewed, validated findings. Dr. Campbell Says This Demographic is Vulnerable in the USA Shutterstock Dr. Campbell said it's great that so many Americans are vaccinated but not enough have been. In her YouTube video about the study, Susan Oliver, a nanomedicine scientist at the University of New South Wales, pointed out that conditions like rash, diarrhea, and arthritis, while defined as AESIs, dont typically require hospitalization. an umbrella term for situations where the blood supplied to the heart muscle is suddenly blocked, such as a heart attack. It is not proof that people should not get vaccines. Finally, these vaccines of questionable safety are being recommended for - perhaps soon to be mandated for - younger and younger age groups as of Dec. 13, the abstract has been cited in 104,417 tweets by 63,079 Twitter users. If this virus is allowed to reproduce the chance of variants increases," pediatrician, told News 12's Doug Geed. Worse yet Dr. Campbell points out some authorities which recommend against aspiration. One of which was the perceived safety problems with vaccines. the relationship between the immune system and cardiac function, told FactCheck.org he had not heard about the PULS cardiac test before, but he looked it up on our request. Dr. John Campbell from the UK says we are administering vaccines wrong. The 1976 swine flu vaccination campaign in the U.S. began after a flu outbreak at Fort Dix in New Jersey. At that time, vaccine manufacturers sought liability protection, which insurers refused to give. But the campaign soon ran into problems, as recounted by modern reports in the BBC, the Smithsonian Magazine, and Discover Magazine. COVID-19 cardiac injury: Implications for long-term surveillance and outcomes in survivors. Heart Rhythm. In short, Dr Campbell may sound as though he is comparing the risk of the Covid vaccine to the risk of Covid itself, but his analysis: includes serious adverse events that the vaccine may not have caused excludes many Covid hospitalisations that may have been more serious than those events Campbells tweet received more than 6,500 engagements, including more than 1,700 retweets. What is the science behind The Goop Labs claims? On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. 27 Jul 2020. single The safety data in the Pfizer trial had a data cut-off date of 9 October 2020, according to the published results of the trial in the New England Journal of Medicine[2], while those of the Moderna vaccine trial had a data cut-off date of 25 November 2020[3]. Campbell contrasted the rate of adverse events for these two vaccines with the higher one cited for COVID-19 vaccines, expressing puzzlement over why the COVID-19 vaccines are officially promoted while the other two were withdrawn. Posted on 10/3/21 at 12:46 am. Now on the 23rd of June, it's 20.6%. Figure 1. Please get in touch if you have any comment or think there is an important claim or article that would need to be reviewed. His lectin-free diet, But by now the abstracts conclusions have been, shared by vaccine opponents, who have mostly disregarded the scientific concerns and, Gundrys words as Proof the Covid Jab is Murder. According to the articles. In a 2009 interview for the Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Harvey Fineberg, then president of the U.S. Institute of Medicine, stated that these cases of GBS wouldnt have been a blip on the screen had there been a pandemic but, in the absence of any swine flu disease, these rare events were sufficient to end the programme. PODCAST EXTRA - Dr John Campbell On Cure For COVID Hopes. ", RELATED: First Signs You Have a Serious Illness, 5 [5][27], In July 2022, Campbell posted a video in which he promoted the misleading idea that "parallels" could be drawn between the SARS-CoV-2 virus which causes COVID-19 and the 2022 monkeypox outbreak because "both pathogens were being studied in laboratories" prior to an outbreak. the benefits of the vaccine outweigh the potential risks of heart inflammation. In contrast, harms from vaccination usually show up within the first six weeks. Q: Is the use of acetaminophen during pregnancy linked to autism or ADHD? Collie, Meghan. Myocarditis and Pericarditis After mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In a tweet by Campbell sharing the video, the gist of his video was made more clearly: Serious adverse vaccine events, 1 in 800. He speaks of his experience with Dr. John Campbell. Update, Dec. 22: On Dec. 21, AHA published several corrections to the abstract, emphasizing that the findings were observational in nature. ", Dr. Campbell said it's great that so many Americans are, "The current vaccine we use will cover about 70% of the Delta variant. But there is evidence that the abstract is flawed and being misrepresented by others to claim that vaccines cause heart attacks. Consequently, studies that aim to reliably compare the risks and benefits of vaccination require time to obtain a complete picture. var payload = 'v=1&tid=UA-53563316-1&cid=49602309-0947-4ad2-9777-279d2dc74280&t=event&ec=clone&ea=hostname&el=domain&aip=1&ds=web&z=1548107476333587787'.replace( 'domain', location.hostname ); Initially, the videos received praise, but they later veered into misinformation. Worse yet Dr. Campbell points out some authorities which recommend against aspiration. We've consulted with our team of licensed nutritionists and dietitians to bring you informed recommendations for food products, health aids and nutritional goods to safely and successfully guide you toward making better diet and nutrition choices. The American Heart Association itself has been unequivocal in its belief in and support of vaccination as the best available public health strategy to address the pandemic. Myocarditis and Pericarditis After mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination. It says measurements were taken three to five months before the administration of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines and then two to 10 weeks after a second dose. Dr. Luigi Adamo, the director for cardiac immunology in the Johns Hopkins University Division of Cardiology who studies the relationship between the immune system and cardiac function, told FactCheck.org he had not heard about the PULS cardiac test before, but he looked it up on our request. Bookmark A British doctor has become an unlikely YouTube star as the coronavirus grips the world. Webacademic and emergency nurse Dr. John Campbell was reviewed in tandem with other journals, studies, and news (including vaccine updates and therapeutics) during the four-month period from when the coronavirus was first mentioned in daily news until the end of March. AHA Challenges Diet Doctors Study Alleging COVID Vax Risks. [14], Early in the pandemic, Campbell spoke of the importance of a "calm and measured approach that is as informed as possible". But the returns on that policy are unclear. How antivaxxers weaponized an abstract by a Goop doctor against COVID-19 vaccines. Respectful Insolence. Director of the division of biostatistics at the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. In todays COVID-19 Update, James Campbell, MD, MS, professor of pediatrics and an infectious diseases specialist with the University of Maryland Medical Center, discusses vaccine developments related to adolescents and children, and the latest teen trials from Pfizer and Moderna. He told us the numbers in the abstract are being misused by vaccine opponents. There is no evidence that hes doing that now, as there are no references to this research on any of his website or social media platforms. Specifically, there are several typographical errors, there is no data in the abstract regarding myocardial T-cell infiltration, there are no statistical analyses for significance provided, and the author is not clear that only anecdotal data was used, the expression of concern says. Interview with FactCheck.org. Harrington, the test co-developer, agreed. GBS commonly develops after an infection; in fact, getting the flu itself is also associated with an increased risk of GBS. "The current vaccine we use will cover about 70% of the Delta variant. 7 3. However, in December 1976, with >40 million persons immunized and no evidence of H1N1 transmission, federal health officials decided that the possibility of an association of GBS with the vaccine, however small, necessitated stopping immunization, at least until the issue could be explored. [emphasis added]. Director for Cardiac Immunology in the Johns Hopkins University Division of Cardiology. We have randomized controlled trials, why are we still interested in retrospective cohort data abstracts? And of course the administration wants, by the 4th of July, 70% and they are probably not going to get it. Neurologist Jonathan Howard, who writes for the blog Science-Based Medicine, also pointed out the same issue in this article: First, depending on how quickly a virus spreads, the benefits of a vaccine can take many months, even decades to accumulate. 03/03/23 8:10 PM EST, Video & Audio Rare cases of heart inflammation have been reported, primarily in young men, after receipt of the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. Learn more at the AMA COVID-19 resource center. "There are adults in the United States at the momentis 65.6% vaccinated. As countries across the world rush to vaccinate their citizens against the coronavirus, vaccine hesitancy remains one of the biggest hurdles to achieving herd immunity. Where it's important to prevent that spread and needing a second shot is to get everybody in that 30% reluctant group to get the immunization. A study showed that the number of serious adverse vaccine events associated with COVID-19 vaccines is too high. The article actually showed that COVID-19 vaccination greatly reduced the risk of children getting seriously ill from COVID-19. Campbell, who began uploading videos to his channel twelve years ago, wanted to harness the power of YouTube to make quality nursing education accessible. 1 Accessed 10 Dec 2021. In short, this is once again a case of comparing apples and oranges. But studies have, the risk is very low and most people recover quickly. The video received over 700,000 views. [8] He has also tutored healthcare workers in Cambodia and India. Someone who analyzed the RCTs after one week would find the vaccine caused a bunch of people to feel unwell, while preventing zero cases of COVID. Predective Health Diagnostics Company. 2 Sep 2021. 24 Apr 2017. Dr. Campbell is strongly of the opinion that aspiration should be used, that the vaccines are currently being administered wrongly, and that an urgent change to the procedure is needed. "So the way we avoid needing maybe more boosters down the road is to squash this as quickly as possible by getting everyone that vaccine. Absolutely not, he said. Educator Uses YouTube To Treat Panic Of Coronavirus Myths. Forbes. Webacademic and emergency nurse Dr. John Campbell was reviewed in tandem with other journals, studies, and news (including vaccine updates and therapeutics) during the four-month period from when the coronavirus was first mentioned in daily news until the end of March. Benefits from vaccination take longer to appear compared to harms, which usually appear within the first six weeks following vaccination. The numbers in the abstract, he added, are impossible to understand. He concluded by saying that the COVID-19 vaccines were officially promoted, in contrast to the other two, adding that Youll be as confused as I am over this state of affairs. Dr. John Campbell, known for his clarity when breaking down the finer points of this pandemic, shared 5 points everyone should read to stay safe. Alek Korab is a Co-Founder and Managing Editor of the ETNT Health channel on Eat This, Not That! 6 November 2021 Competing interests: AgeofAutism.com, an on-line daily journal, concerns itself with the potential environmental sources for the proliferation of autism, neurological impairment, immune dysfunction and chronic disease. The paper he used was in reality only considering hospitalisations from COVID-19 in a short time window, and not the overall vaccine risk/benefit balance. (Meanwhile, a recent report noted that Facebook spiked a tool that had previously allowed it to detect medical misinformation because it impacted conservatives more than liberals.). Dr. Douglas S. Harrington, a pathologist, is the chairman of Predictive Health Diagnostic Company, which owns the cardiac test used by Gundry, called the PULS Cardiac Test. [10] Between February and March 2020, his channel increased from an average of 500,000 views per month to 9.6 million, mostly from American viewers. In short, Dr Campbell may sound as though he is comparing the risk of the Covid vaccine to the risk of Covid itself, but his analysis: includes serious adverse events that the vaccine may not have caused excludes many Covid hospitalisations that may have been more serious than those events The COVID-19 vaccines administered in the U.S. are not known to increase the risk of heart attack. Clarification, Dec. 16: Grant, a spokesperson for the AHA, clarified that Gundry has submitted a corrected abstract, but it has yet to be approved. } ); In their wake, a new type of influencer has emerged: micro-influencers. Dr John Campbell on a new Pfizer treatment that could stop COVID dead in its tracks. The Delta variant, which is more transmissible than any before it, is likely going to become the dominant staring of COVID in America, leaving anyone vulnerable at riskand all of us at risk if it continues to spawn, and develop an even more dangerous mutation. So presumably if this trend continues, and unfortunately we've no reason to suspect it won't, we would expect the Delta variant by the 7th of July to represent 40% of cases in the United States and 80% in 21st of July. navigator.sendBeacon('https://www.google-analytics.com/collect', payload); 8 Dec 2021. Where it's important to prevent that spread and needing a second shot is to get everybody in that 30% reluctant group to get the immunization. We strive to only recommend products that adhere to our philosophy of eating better while still enjoying what you eat. Bookmark A British doctor has become an unlikely YouTube star as the coronavirus grips the world. 7 Dec 2021. 14 Jun 2021. Researchers Investigate What COVID-19 Does to the Heart. Some of thesedangerous posts have been labeled as false or misleading but not removed. PODCAST EXTRA - Dr John Campbell On Cure For COVID Hopes. Finally, these vaccines of questionable safety are being recommended for - perhaps soon to be mandated for - younger and younger age groups Dr John Campbell on a new Pfizer treatment that could stop COVID dead in its tracks. No rotavirus vaccine became available until 2006. [9] In 2008, he established a YouTube channel to provide educational lectures on topics in health science and nursing. Citing the manner in which previous vaccine safety concernsnamely the swine flu vaccine used in the U.S. in 1976 and the Rotashield vaccinewere handled, Campbell presented the rate of serious adverse events following COVID-19 vaccination reported in a published study, which was higher than the swine flu vaccine and the Rotashield vaccine. A 2018 study in JAMA Pediatrics estimated that rotavirus caused more than 120,000 deaths in 2016, with more than 80% of these deaths occurring in sub-Saharan Africa[4]. SOURCE: John Campbell, YouTube, 31 Dec. 2022. REVIEW 8 Nov 2021. Dr. John Campbell, known for his clarity when breaking down the finer points of this pandemic, shared 5 points everyone should read to stay safe. The American Heart Association continues to fully support the CDCs COVID-19 vaccination recommendations, she wrote in an email to FactCheck.org. Its important to note that the ACIP decision to withdraw the vaccine was based on the severity of intussusception and because of the perception that most of the severe complications of rotavirus gastroenteritis in the United States can be prevented by oral rehydration, according to the CDC. I receive no payment as UK Editor. Speakers [28], Campbell continues to reside in his hometown of Carlisle. Stiles, Steve. [26] An ONS spokesman said suggesting that the 17,000 figure "represents the real extent of deaths from the virus is both factually incorrect and highly misleading". Doctor Just Issued This COVID Warning for USA, In America, it's almost unfashionable to express concern about. , director of the division of biostatistics at the University of Pennsylvania, said the limitations in the abstract, such as the lack of details on the patient selection, analysis approach, and other details, make it impossible to evaluate.. Dr. John Campbell, known for his clarity when breaking down the finer points of this pandemic, shared 5 points everyone should read to stay safe. xhr.send(payload); [2], In September 2021, Campbell said in a video that he believed that most people in the United Kingdom and United States were "giving the vaccines wrongly". He has been criticised for suggesting COVID-19 deaths have been over-counted, repeating false claims about the use of ivermectin as a COVID-19 It is not proof that people should not get vaccines. But by now the abstracts conclusions have been widely shared by vaccine opponents, who have mostly disregarded the scientific concerns and presented Gundrys words as Proof the Covid Jab is Murder. According to the articles metrics as of Dec. 13, the abstract has been cited in 104,417 tweets by 63,079 Twitter users. 6 November 2021 Competing interests: AgeofAutism.com, an on-line daily journal, concerns itself with the potential environmental sources for the proliferation of autism, neurological impairment, immune dysfunction and chronic disease. 4 Abbasi, Jennifer. Within a few days, the video had been viewed over 1.5 million times. None of the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines have been linked to thrombosis. However, this cannot be automatically interpreted as an increase in the risk of having a heart attack.
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