b. The fair housing act of 1968 question 2 options: had little effect on housing segregation because its enforcement mechanisms were very weak. In the Bakke(1978) case, the Supreme Court ruled that asserted that affirmative action policies are subject to strict scrutiny. d. dramatically reduced housing segregation. b. a. First Amendment's protection for freedom of assembly. READ MORE:How a New Deal Housing Program Enforced Segregation. The justices ruled that newspapers could be guilty of libel if they published any information that was ultimately proven to be inaccurate. The legislation attempted to end growing segregation by making long standing discrimination practices by housing providers illegal. Taft From 1950 to 1980, the total Black population in Americas urban centers increased from 6.1 million to 15.3 million. On April 11, 1968, President Lyndon Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1968, which was meant as a follow-up to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. However, when the Rev. E b. The growing power of the federal government since the 1930s has fundamentally altered American federalism by rendering state governments obsolete. The 1968 act prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, and national origin, was expanded . creating a Department of Civil Rights. b. Upon signing the bill into law, President Johnson proclaimed, "At long last, fair housing . The law was a follow-up to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and also updated the Civil Rights Act of 1866, whichunbeknownst to manyalso prohibited discrimination in housing after the Civil War. c. d. It is the policy of the United States to provide, within constitutional limitations, for fair housing throughout the United States. The first provision of the Bill of Rights to be incorporated into the Fourteenth Amendment as a limitation on state power was the rejected mechanical point systems for university admissions but upheld highly individualized affirmative action policies that were designed to promote diversity. an introduction paragraph that defines the Harlem Renaissance, identifies the texts that will be examined, and grant-in-aid By Larry Margasak, April 11, 2018. had little effect on housing segregation because it was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1969. C. it only offered loans to private citizens. a. d. Baltimore, MD. d. b. d. It argued in favor of national government power. homeownership, some 30 percentage points behind their white counterparts. only under the most extraordinary circumstances could the government prevent the publication of newspapers and magazines. Individuals who discriminate may be fined, though such decisions are subject to review in the U.S. Court of Appeals. d. A major force behind passage of the Fair Housing Act of 1968 was the NAACPs Washington director, Clarence Mitchell Jr., who proved so effective in pushing through legislation aiding Black people that he was referred to as the 101st senator.. Did you know? b. Twenty years later, a wave of dishonest lending by Dominion Capital in the 1980s would add another burden to the already victimized and struggling community. After a strictly limited debate, the House passed the Fair Housing Act on April 10, and President Johnson signed it into law the following day. d. it led to a decrease in global trade. 1963. Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated April 4, 1968, sparking riots in cities nationwide. The DREAM Act would a. proper use of transitions, spelling, punctuation, grammar, and sentence structure d. had little effect on housing segregation because it was ruled unconstitutional by the . A much larger percentage of whites registered to vote in southern states after passage of the Voting Rights Act. laws passed during the Civil War denying Confederate sympathizers the right to free speech d. dramatically reduced housing segregation. requiring that federal grants-in-aid to state and local governments for education be withheld from any school system that practiced racial segregation. This title may be cited as the "Fair Housing Act". New York City, NY. Black households in the U.S. have a 44% rate of. Sex was added as a protective class in 1974 and disability and familial status were included in 1988. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser. prior restraint. It was during the tenure of Chief Justice ________ that the Supreme Court established gender discrimination as a. What were the Alien and Sedition Acts? Which of the following statements best describes the history of American federalism? a. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Amid a wave of emotionincluding riots, burning and looting in more than 100 cities around the countryPresident Lyndon B. Johnson increased pressure on Congress to pass the new civil rights legislation. On April 4the day of the Senate votethe civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee, where he had gone to aid striking sanitation workers. c. d. Another significant issue during this time period was the growing casualty list from Vietnam. ruled that gays and lesbians should be allowed to marry. Its goal was to prevent housing discrimination on the basis of race . Gideon d. Since the passage of the Fair Housing Act in 1968, the rate of white homeownership has increased, from 66% of white . a. discrimination in the South was so visible and pervasive that little attention had been given to other parts of the country. Alternate titles: Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968. The national government was unable to raise sufficient amounts of money through taxes and tariffs. Despite Supreme Court decisions such as Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) and Jones v. Mayer Co. (1968), which outlawed the exclusion of African Americans or other minorities from certain sections of cities, race-based housing patterns were still in force by the late 1960s. a. d. Essentially, the AFFH was used to fight housing discrimination by changing what local governments have to do to get some federal funding. President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Fair Housing Act into law in 1968, following a prolonged legislative battle and on the heels of the tragic assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. His stirring speeches touched on everything from social and racial justice, to nonviolence, poverty, the Vietnam War and dismantling white supremacy. d. Which of the following statements best summarizes President Herbert Hoover's views on federal action during the Great Depression? E While serving as Governor, Secretary Romney had successfully campaigned for ratification of a state constitutional provision that prohibited discrimination in housing. The FHEO determines if reasonable cause exists to believe that a discriminatory housing practice has occurred. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Regulating local workplaces was perceived to violate the Twenty-First Amendment to the Constitution. c. Even after the 1968 passage of the Fair Housing Act, black Americans and other minorities have continued to experience housing inequalities. The Great Depression, which led to the establishment of the Home Owners Loan Corporation and the still operational Federal Housing Administration (FHA), prompted a two-tier approach to housing. The Fair Housing Act protects buyers and renters of housing from discrimination by sellers, landlords, or financial institutions and makes it unlawful for those entities to refuse to rent, sell, or provide financing for a dwelling based on factors other than an individuals financial resources. Nineteenth Amendment, It was during the tenure of Chief Justice ________ that the Supreme Court established gender discrimination as a highly visible area of civil rights law. Civil Rights Act of 1875 the news media could not publish obscene material. b. The rights of disabled individuals to access public businesses is guaranteed by the. gays and lesbians. This article was most recently revised and updated by, Timeline of the American Civil Rights Movement, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Fair-Housing-Act, The Leadership Conference - Fair Housing Laws, Cornell University Law School - Legal Information Institute - Fair Housing Act, The United States Department of Justice - Fair Housing Act, Fair Housing Act - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Department of Housing and Urban Development. ruled that the equal protection clause applied only to the federal government and not to state governments. The legal issue at stake in Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs v. The Inclusive Communities Project, is whether it is possible to prove a violation of the Fair Housing Act of 1968 without producing any evidence of an intention on the part of government authorities to engage in acts of discrimination. The latter promoted residential segregation, argues Michela Zonta, senior housing policy analyst with the Center for American Progress. , ach paragraph in the essay should be at least five sentences in length. Warren c. state-imposed desegregation could only be brought about by busing children across school districts. a. Johnson argued that the bill would be a fitting testament to the man and his legacy, and he wanted it passed prior to Kings funeral in Atlanta. In the first quarter of 2020, the Census Bureau reported that black households had the lowest homeownership rate at 44%, nearly 30 percentage points behind white households. there is a spillover effect in addition to the . d. Fifty years ago, on April 11, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed a bill that was to end discrimination in most of the nation's housing. The 1968 Fair Housing Act outlawed redlining nationwide. a. d. c. two body paragraphs that explain how the themes are presented in the text and include direct quotes as well as explanations of them A week after Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated in 1968, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Fair Housing Act into law. Compounding the impact of job losses is the fact that people of color shoulder higher housing costs as a portion of their incomes, while earning less than whites. Repeals the $1,000 limit on punitive damages. States that segregate must spend less money on all-white schools in order to make them equal with African American schools. In a report published this month, the Urban Institute cites multiple prior studies that show that if homeownership were racially equalized, the racial wealth gap would diminish. [Rich 2005] 1949-1973: Urban Renewal I - Title I of the 1949 Housing Act: the Urban Renewal Program sought to clear slums and replace them with new . a. d. Fair Housing Act of 1968. 11/20/2018 12:01 AM EST. The Fair Housing act was passed on April 11, 1968, only days after the assassination of Rev. By June 1968, all three branches had lined up against discrimination in housing -- at least on paper. Fifty years after the Fair Housing Act was signed, America is nearly as segregated as when President Lyndon Johnson signed the law. Every region also had its own celebrations, meetings, dinners, contests and radio-television shows that featured HUD, state and private fair housing experts and officials. At the same time, black Americans as well as other citizens of color found it extremely hard to qualify for home loans, as the FHA and the Veterans Administrations mortgage programs largely served only white applicants. Prohibits housing discrimination against pregnant women. c. free and open debate is an essential mechanism for determining the quality and validity of competing ideas. These large 20-foot by 14-foot billboards placed the fair housing message in neighborhoods, industrial centers, agrarian regions and urban cores. ), makes it unlawful for any lender to discriminate in its housing-related lending activities . they were the last provisions in the Bill of Rights to be incorporated through the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. b. had little effect on housing segregation because most housing segregation had been eliminated by the Civil Rights Act of 1964. c. dramatically increased housing segregation. Some reasons for this are that black homeowners are more likely to cycle between homeownership and renting, which has implications for how much housing wealth they can build relative to white homeowners. introduces a thesis statement c. c. Thomas Jefferson. The comparatively little bit of wealth accumulation in the African American community is concentrated largely in housing wealth. April 11, 2018. World War II and Civil Rights. c. The ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson(1896) c. Latinos. The Congress is far more powerful than the courts and therefore can advance political change on its own. Redlining ran rampant and by 1960, 80% of the African American population lived in just a small area of Northeast Portland. . Segregation was made law several times in 18th- and 19th-century America as some believed that Black and white people were incapable of coexisting. c. The gap between the percentage of whites registering to vote and the percentage of African Americans registering to vote declined significantly after passage of the Voting Rights Act. How did dual federalism help to establish a "commercial republic"? The essay should include the following: 1942 Near v. Minnesota(1931) established the principle that The Fair Housing Act came into effect in the United States in the year 1968 with the purpose of eliminating the discriminative practices involved in the sale, rent and/or lease of properties based on races. In this climate, organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the G.I. In the first quarter of 2020, the Census Bureau . d. c. Senator William Brooke was the first African American popularly elected to the United States Senate. d. The federal government passed laws forbidding any regulation of capitalism. And read more, Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4, 1968, an event that sent shock waves reverberating around the world. strict scrutiny a. In the housing boom leading to the Great Recession, predatory lending characterized by unreasonable fees, rates and payments zeroed in on minorities, pushing them into risky subprime mortgages, according to a 2010 study that Reuters reported on. speech plus. 5 out of 5 points. Which constitutional provision was most important in determining the Supreme Court's ruling inObergefell v. Hodges (2015)? the limits of Congress regarding economic regulation. If reasonable cause is found, a hearing is scheduled before a HUD administrative judge, who determines whether housing discrimination actually occurred. Instituted in 2015 under the Obama administration as part of the 1968 Fair Housing Act, the rule told localities that they needed to analyze housing discrimination and segregation in their areas, and come up with plans to address those issues. Burger d. Many facets of the ingrained social injustice and racial inequality that protesters are bemoaning stem from the countrys housing system, which for decades has discriminated against renters and homeowners of color.
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